Chiasma opticum
Als Chiasma opticum bezeichnet man die Kreuzung des rechten und linken N. opticus.
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/optic-chiasm-2/DOQvkreOtNKBu4UluIgA_Chiasma_Opticum_2.png "Sehnervenkreuzung (Chiasma opticum)"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/optic-chiasm-7/VRq6TBFnzXDTT5Hg7yevSg_31Optic_chiasma.png "Sehnervenkreuzung (Chiasma opticum)"){kind=logo}
Anatomie
Das Chiasma opticum ist in der vorderen Schädelgrube im Sulcus chiasmatis des Os sphenoidale lokalisiert. Kaudal befindet sich die Sella turcica mit der Hypophyse.
Es ist makroskopisch prominent und dient als anatomische Landmarke, sodass in der Topographie bspw. zur Beschreibung der Lage von Tumoren von supra- oder infrachiasmatisch gesprochen wird.
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/optic-chiasm-5/FWFmx9mGYtpXQVbuymxtLQ_Optic_chiasm.png "Sehnervenkreuzung (Chiasma opticum)"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/optic-chiasm-6/SJjS5lQ49FLXNz4acqJEdQ_7optic_chiasm.png "Sehnervenkreuzung (Chiasma opticum)"){kind=logo}
Funktion
Das Chiasma opticum ist der Ort der Überkreuzung bzw. des Austauschs von Fasern des N. opticus. Die Axone des temporalen Feldes eines Auges kreuzen jeweils zur Gegenseite, die nasalen Fasern verbleiben auf der gleichen Körperhälfte.
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/optic-nerve-7/qx85VZEmUvv7WCivD2YNEA_optic_nerve.png "Sehnerv (Nervus opticus)"){kind=logo}
:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):format(jpeg)/images/anatomy_term/nervus-opticus-5/6ofPH6NbulloeHZ70clyAw_Optic_Nerves_1.png "Sehnerv (Nervus opticus)"){kind=logo}
Klinik
Bei Läsionen des Chiasmas, z.B. in Folge eines komprimierenden Hypophysentumors oder eines Aneurysmas der A. carotis interna, wird die Faserkreuzung unterbrochen. Da diejenigen Fasern ausfallen, die die temporalen optischen Informationen aufnehmen, kommt es zum Ausfall der temporalen Gesichtsfelder. Es resultiert eine heteronyme bitemporale Hemianopsie ("Scheuklappenphänomen").
In seltenen Fällen kann das Chiasma auch von außen durch einen Tumor komprimiert werden. In diesem Fall fallen die nicht kreuzenden Fasern aus, was zu einer heteronymen binasalen Hemianopsie führt.
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